This was a retrospective study based on data received from two centers. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for use of the clinical data. The internal dataset was collected from the Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, by one of the authors (HJ). The external test dataset was collected from the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, by another author (MW). In total, the internal and external datasets included 886 eyes of 886 patients and 557 eyes of 557 patients, respectively. In the internal dataset, the implanted IOLs included ZEISS CT ASPHINA 409MP (269 cases; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), Alcon SN60WF (67 cases; Alcon Labs, Fort Worth, TX), TECNIS ZCB00 (203 cases; Abbott Medical Optics, Santa Ana, CA), TECNIS ZA9003 (172 cases; Abbott Medical Optics), and Akreos Adapt AO (175 cases; Bausch & Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ). In the external test dataset, the implanted IOL model was the Alcon SN60WF (557 cases).
All eyes underwent uneventful cataract surgery. Exclusion criteria were the presence of intraoperative or postoperative complications, follow-up of less than 1 month, best-corrected visual acuity of less than 20/40 for any reason, and missing biometry. Patients with corneal scarring, keratoconus, prior refractive surgery, keratoplasty, intraocular surgery history, and incomplete documentation were also excluded. Data from only the first operated eye were included for patients undergoing bilateral surgery.
The ocular biometry of all patients was measured using the ZEISS IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Preoperative AL, K, ACD (epithelium to the lens), and lens thickness (LT) were collected. The measurements were carried out by experienced technicians. The actual powers of the implanted IOLs were obtained from medical records. Experienced optometrists conducted the standard postoperative refraction measurements using a 5-meter refractive lane. The refractions were then adjusted to a 6-meter distance.
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